CHAPTER 21
INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKING
1)Information that is stored in digital form. Information that has been processed, organized and stored.
Data
2)Knowledge or intelligence.
Information
3)The transmission, reception, and processing of digital information.
Data Communications
4)It is to transfer digital information from one place to another.
Data Communications Circuit
5)A set of devices interconnected by media links.
Network
6)Systems of interrelated computers and computer equipment and can be as simple as a personal computer connected together through the PTN
Data Communications Networks
7)Automatic teller machine
ATM
8)When was one of the earliest means of communicating electrically coded information occurred?
1753
9)In 1833, he developed an unusual system based on a five-by-five matrix representing 25 letters. The idea was to send message over a single wire.
Carl Friedrich Gauss
10)
The first successful data communications that was invented in 1832. Dots and Dashes
Telegraph
11)
He invented the first practical data communications code which is called Morse Code.
Samuel F.B. Morse
12)Allegedly invented the first telegraph in England.
1. Sir Charles Wheatstone
2. Sir William Cooke
13)In 1874, he invented the telegraph multiplexer which Emile allowed up to six different telegraph machines to be transmitted simultaneously over a single wire.
Emile Baudot
14)It was invented in 1875 by Alexander Graham Bell
Telephone
15)He succeeded in sending radio telegraph messages.
Guglielmo Marconi
16)The only means of sending information across large spans of water until 1920.
Telegraph
17)A German engineer, demonstrated a computing machine sometime in the late 1930s.
Konrad Zuis
18)Developed the ENIAC computer on Feb. 14, 1946
J. Presper Eckert
John Mauchley
19)A technique that process one job at a time.
Batch Processing
20)Built in 1951 by Remington Rand Corp., was the First mass-produced electronic computer.
UNIVAC Computer
21)A public data communications network used by millions of people all over the world to exchange business and personal information.
Internet
22)Private data communications networks used by many companies to exchange information among employees and resources.
Intranet
23)Any system of computers, computer terminals or computer peripheral equipment used to transmit and receive information between two or more locations.
Data Communications Network
24)A set of equipment, transmission media and procedures that ensures that a specific sequence of events occurs in a network in the proper order to produce the intended results.
Network Architecture
25)
Messages are intended for all subscribers on the network.
Broadcasting
26)Messages are intended for a specific group of subscribers.
Multicasting
27)Defines the procedures that the systems involved in the communications process will use.
Protocols
28)Sets of rules governing the orderly exchange of data within the network or a portion of the network.
Data Communications Protocols
29)The list of the protocols used by a system.
Protocol Stack
30)It consists of two or more independent levels.
Layered Network Architecture
31)A logical connection is established between the endpoints prior to the transmission of data.
Connection Oriented or Connectionless
32)They are designed to provide a high degree of reliability for data moving through the network.
Connection-Oriented Protocol
33)A connection process that occurs between two stations before any data are actually transmitted.
Another terms:
· Sessions
· Virtual circuits
· logical connections
Handshake
34)It refers to the structure or format of the data within the message, which includes the sequence in which the data are sent.
Syntax
35)Guidelines that have been generally accepted by the data communications industry.
Types of standards:
· Proprietary system -open
· open system
Data Communications Standards
36)
Generally controlled and manufactured by one company.
Proprietary Standard
37)The international organization or standardization on a wide range of subjects.
International Standards Organization (ISO)
38)The member of ISO from the United States.
American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
39)It is formerly CCITT, one of four permanent parts is based in Geneva, Switzerland.
International Telecommunications Union
40)Modem interfaces and data transmission over the telephone lines.
V series
41)Data transmission over public digital Network, e-mail and directory services.
X series
42)An international professional organization founded in the United States and is comprised of electronics, computer and communications engineers.
Institute of Electrical & IEEE)and Electronics Engineers
43)A non-profit U.S. trade association that establishes and recommends industrial standards.
Electronics Industry Association (EIA)
44)The leading trade association in the communications and information technology industry.
Telecommunications Industry Association
45)
The research arm of the Department of Defense in 1957.
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
46)A large international community of network designers, operators, vendors and researches concerned with the evolution of the internet architecture and the smooth operation of the internet.
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
47)It promotes research of importance to the evolution of the future Internet by creating focused, long term and small research groups working on topics related to internet protocols.
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
48)A unit of data.
Protocol data Unit (PDU)
49)The process of adding and removing the PDU
information.
Encapsulation/decapsulation
50)It means to place in a capsule or other protected environment.
Encapsulate
51)
It means to remove from a capsule or other protected environment.
Decapsulate
52)Defines which entity the service is intended.
Service Access Point (SAP)
53)The name for the set of standards for communicatingamong computers
Seven OSI layers:
· application
· presentation
· session
· transport
· network
· data link
· physical
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
54)Responsible for the actual propagation of unstructured data bits through a transmission medium.
Physical Layer
55)Responsible for providing error-free communications across the physical link connecting primary and secondary stations within a network.
Data Link Layer
56)Provides details that enable data to be routed between devices in an environment using multiple networks, subnetwork, or both.
Network Layer
57)Controls and ensures the end-to-end integrity of the data message propagated through the network between two devices, which provides reliable, transparent transfer of data between two endpoints.
Transport Layer
58)Responsible for network availability.
Session Layer
59)Provides independence to the application processes by addressing any code or syntax conversion necessary to present the data to the network in a common communications format.
Presentation Layer
60)It provides distributed information services and controls the sequence of activities within an application.
Application Layer
61)An endpoint where subscribers gain access to the circuit.
Station
62)Another term of station which is the location of computers, computer terminals, workstations and other digital computing equipment.
Node
63)Interconnects digital computer equipment.
Facilities
64)Provides means to enter data from humans.
Source
65)Encodes a wireless radio system without being converted to analog first.
Transmitter
66)Carries the encoded signals from the transmitter to the receiver.
Transmission Medium
67)Converts the encoded signals received from the transmission medium back to their original form.
Receiver
68)It could be a mainframe computer, personal computer workstation or virtually any piece of digital equipment
Destination
69)A type of transmission where all four bits can be transmitted simultaneously during the time of a single clock pulse.
Parallel by Bit or Serial by Character
70)Transmission where four clock pulses are required to transmit the entire four-bit code.
Serial by Bit
71)It involves only two locations or stations
Two-Point Configuration
72)
It involves three or more stations.
Multi-point Configuration
73)Data transmission is unidirectional where information can be sent in only one direction.
Simplex
74)Also called Receive-Only, Transmit Only or One-way-only Lines
Simplex Lines
75)Data transmission is possible in both directions but not at the same time.
Another term:
· two way alternate lines
· either way lines
Half Duplex
76)Transmission are possible in both directions two stations. simultaneously , but they must be between same
Another terms;
· Two-way simultaneous
· duplex
· both-way lines
Full Duplex
77)Transmission is possible in both directions at the same time but not between the same two stations. It is possible only on multipoint circuits.
Full/Full Duplex
78)The process of sharing resources between computers over a data communications network.
Networking
79)The manual technique of moving data on disks.
Sneaker Net
80)Computers that hold shared files, programs and the network operating system.
Servers
81)Computers that access and use the network and shared network resources.
Client
82)The facilities used to interconnect computers in a
network.
Transmission Media
83)Data that file servers provide to clients.
Shared Data
84)Hardware resources provided to the users of the network by servers.
Shared Printers and other peripherals
85)An expansion card and prepares and sends data, receives data and controls data flow between the computer and the network.
Network Interface Card (NIC)
86)Allows personal computers to access files, print to a local printer and have and use one or more disk and CD drives that are located on the computer.
Local Operating System (LOS)
87)A program that runs on computers and servers that allows the computers to communicate over a network.
Network Operating System (NOS)
88)One in which all computers share their resources.
Peer - to - Peer Client/Server Network
90)One computer is designated the server and the rest of the computers are clients.
Dedicated Client/Server Network
91)Describes the layout or appearance of a network.
Network Topology
92)Describes how the network is actually laid out
Physical Topology
93)Describes how data actually flow through the network
Logical Topology
94)A multipoint data communications network where remote stations are connected by cable segments directly to a central located computer.
Star Topology
95)A multipoint data communications circuit that makes it relatively simple to control data flow between and among the computers.
Bus Topology
96)A multipoint data communications network where all stations are interconnected in tandem to form a closed loop or circle.
Ring Topology
97)Every station has a direct two-point communications linkto every other station on the circuit.
Mesh Topology
98)Combining two or more of the traditional topologies to form a larger, more complex topology.
Hybrid Topology
99)Privately own networks in which 10 to 40 compute share data resources with one or more file server.
Local Area Networks (LANs)
100)A high-speed network similar to a LAN except the are designed to encompass larger areas, usually that of an entire city.
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
101)Provides low-speed, long distance transmission of data voice, and video information over large and widely dispersed geographical areas such as country or an entire continent. It interconnects cities or states.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
102)Bit rate of WANs.
1.5 Mbps-2.4 Gbps
103)Provides connects between countries around the entire globe.
Global Area Network(GANs)
104)A network connection that normally carries traffic between departmental LANs within a single company.
Building Backbone
105)A network connection used to carry traffic to and from LANs located in various buildings on campus.
Campus Backbone
106)
Developed by Department of Defense, comprise of several interactive modules that provide specific functionality.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
107)The network layer of TCP/IP.
Internet layer/Internet work Layer
108)Transport layer of TCP/IP.
Transmission Control (UDP)
User datagram Protocol Protocol (TCP)
109)Provides a means of physically delivering data packets using frames or cells.
Network Access Layer
110)Contains information that pertains to how data can be routed through the network.
Internet Layer
111)Services the process and internet layers to handle the reliability and session aspects of data transmission.
Host-to-Host Layer
112)Provides applications support.
Process Layer
113)Defines a three layer logical hierarchy that specifies where things belong, how they fit together and what functions go where.
Three layers:
· Core layer
· Distribution layer
· access layer
Cisco Three-Layer Model
114)The core of the network as it resides at the top of the hierarchy and is responsible for transporting large amounts of data traffic reliably and quickly.
Core Layer
115)The communications point between the access and the core layers that provides routing , filtering, WAN access and how data packets are allowed to access the core layer.
Distribution Layer
116)Another term for Distribution layer
Workgroup Layer
117)Controls workgroup and individual user access to internetworking resources.
Access Layer
118)Another term for Access layer.
Desktop Layer
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